i/c(Power-on self-test)

Power-on self-test

Power-on self-test (POST) is the common term for a computer, router or printer's pre-boot sequence. The same basic sequence is present on all computer architectures. It is the first step of the more general process called initial program load (IPL), booting, or bootstrapping. The term POST has become popular in association with and as a result of the proliferation of the PC. It can be used as a noun when referring to the code that controls the pre-boot phase or when referring to the phase itself. It can also be used as a verb when referring to the code or the system as it progresses through the pre-boot phase. Alternatively, this may be called "POSTing."

For embedded systems power-on self-test (POST) refers to the testing sequence that occurs when a system is first powered on. POST is software written to initialize and configure a processor and then execute a defined series of tests to determine if the computer hardware is working properly. Any errors found during the self-test are stored or reported through auditory or visual means, for example through a series of beeps, flashing LEDs or text displayed on a display. Once the POST sequence completes, execution is handed over to the normal boot sequence which typically runs a boot loader or operating system. POST for embedded systems has been around since the earliest

i/c

Instruction cycle

Each computer's CPU can have different cycles based on different instruction sets, but will be similar to the following cycle:

1. Fetch the instruction

The CPU presents, on the address bus, the value stored in the Program Counter. This is the memory address of the next instruction that is to be executed. The CPU then fetches the instruction from main memory via the data bus, and it is then placed into the CIR. The Program Counter is incremented to contain the address the next instruction.

2. Decode the instruction

The instruction decoder interprets the instruction. If the instruction has an indirect address, the effective address is read from main memory, and any required data is fetched from main memory to be processed and then placed into data registers.

3. Execute the instruction

The CU passes the decoded information as a sequence of control signals to the relevant function units of the CPU to perform the actions required by the instruction such as reading values from registers, passing them to the ALU to perform mathematical or logic functions on them, and writing the result back to a register. If the ALU is involved, it sends a condition signal back to the CU.

4. Store results

The result generated by the operation is stored in the main memory, or sent to an output device. Based on the condition of any feedback from the ALU, Program Counter may be updated to a different address from which the next instruction will be fetched.

The cycle is then repeated.

Fetch cycle

Steps 1 and 2 of the Instruction Cycle are called the Fetch Cycle. These steps are the same for each instruction. The fetch cycle processes the instruction from the instruction word which contains an opcode and an operand.

Execute cycle

Steps 3 and 4 of the Instruction Cycle are part of the Execute Cycle. These steps will change with each instruction.

The first step of the execute cycle is the Process-Memory. Data is transferred between the CPU and the I/O module. Next is the Data-Processing uses mathematical operations as well as logical operations in reference to data. Central alterations is the next step, is a sequence of operations, for example a jump operation. The last step is a combined operation from all the other steps.

Initiating the cycle

The cycle starts immediately when power is applied to the system using an initial PC value that is is predefined for the system architecture (in Intel IA-32 CPUs, for instance, the predefined PC value is 0xfffffff0). Typically this address points to instructions in a read-only memory (ROM) which begin the process of loading the operating system. (That loading process is called booting.)^[1]

The Fetch-Execute cycle in Transfer Notation

Expressed in register transfer notation:

(Increment the PC for next cycle)

The registers used above, besides the ones described earlier, are the Memory Address Register (MAR) and the Memory Data Register (MDR), which are used (at least conceptually) in the accessing of memory.

References

1. ^ Bosky Agarwal (2004). "Instruction

i/c(all bus) ......

All computers use three types of basic buses. The name of the bus is generally determined by the type of signal it is carrying or the method of operation. We group the buses into three areas as you see them in their most common uses. They are as follows:
Control (also called timing and control bus) bus,
Address bus, and
data (also called a memory bus) bus.
Instruction (I), Operand (O), Input/Output Memory (I/O MEM) or Input/Output Controller (IOC), and Computer Interconnection System (CIS) Time multiplexed bus
Control Bus
The control bus is used by the CPU to direct and monitor the actions of the other functional areas of the computer. It is used to transmit a variety of individual signals (read, write, interrupt, acknowledge, and so forth) necessary to control and coordinate the operations of the computer. The individual signals transmitted over the control bus and their functions are covered in the appropriate functional area description.
Address Bus
The address bus consists of all the signals necessary to define any of the possible memory address locations within the computer, or for modular memories any of the possible memory address locations within a module. An address is defined as a label, symbol, or other set of characters used to designate a location or register where information is stored. Before data or instructions can be written into or read from memory by the CPU or I/O sections, an address must be transmitted to memory over the address bus.
Data Bus
The bidirectional data bus, sometimes called the memory bus, handles the transfer of all data and instructions between functional areas of the computer. The bidirectional data bus can only transmit in one direction at a time. The data bus is used to transfer instructions from memory to the CPU for execution. It carries data (operands) to and from the CPU and memory as required by instruction translation. The data bus is also used to transfer data between memory and the I/O section during input/output operations. The information on the data bus is either written into.

o/s (i/c)

operating system (OS)

Hide links within definitionsShow links within definitions

Definition

Master control program (such as DOS, Linux, MacOS, Solaris, Unix, and Windows) that automatically runs first when a computer is switched on, and remains in the background until the computer is turned off. It commonly comes preinstalled (on the boot section of the computer's main hard disk) and is usually the most complex and largest program to be used by the computer. A computer user is typically more affected by the capabilities and whims of the OS than by those of the hardware. Main services provided by an OS include (1) user-interface, (2) carrying out commands of the user and the application programs, (3) supervising installation and running of other programs and hardware, (4) controlling the input-output functions, (5) allocating system resources such as memory, processor time, disk space, and peripheral devices to regulate the flow of work within the computer, (6) handling file and directory management, and (7) providing file-sharing and networking functions.

sylabus

VEER NARMAD SOUTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY
B.C.A.
Semester – I
Teaching and Evaluation Scheme
Effective From 2009-2010
Paper
No
Paper Title Teaching
Schedule
Uni.Exam
Theory/Practical
Internal
Examination
Theory/Practical
Total
Theory/Prac
Lect/Prac
(In Hour)
Duration
(Hours)
Marks Duration
(Hours)
Marks
101 Communication
Skills 4.5 3 70 2 30 100
102 Mathematics -1 4.5 3 70 2 30 100
103 Introduction
Computers 4.5 3 70 2 30 100
104
Computer
Programming and
Programming
Methodology
4.5 3 70 2 30 100
105 PC Software-1 4.5 3 70 2 30 100
106 Practical (Based on
104 and 105 9 5 140 3 60 200
Total 31.5 490 210 700
VEER NARMAD SOUTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY
B.C.A.
Semester - I
Paper – 101 Communication Skills
Effective From 2009-2010
1. Introduction
1.1 Spoken and Conversation fir Greetings, Requests, Invitation, Permission, Thanks,
etc.
1.2 Basic sentence Patterns
1.3 Agreement between Subject and Verb
1.4 Basic rule of Composition
1.5 Paragraph Development
1.6 Vocabulary Development
1.7 Model Auxiliary
1.8 Active and Passive Voice
1.9 Conjunction and Preposition
2. Reading Skills
2.1 Model of Reading to learn –P.S.OR.
2.2 Reading Tactics and Strategies
2.3 Reading Purposes and Meaning
2.4 Reading outcomes structure of meaning techniques
3. Writing Skills
3.1 Guidelines for effective writing
3.2 Writing style for application
3.3 Personal Resume
3.4 Business Letter and Memo including Requests, Complains asking quotation etc.
3.5 Technical Report Writing
3.6 Writing paragraphs on a given topic
3.7 Developing story from given points
4. Listening Skills
4.1 Barriers to listening
4.2 Effective listing skills
4.3 Feedback skills
4.4 Attending Telephone calls
4.5 Note taking
5. Speaking and Discussion Skills
5.1 Components of Effective talk / Presentation
5.2 Planning of content of a talk / Presentation
5.3 Use of Visual aids
5.4 Effective speaking skills
5.5 Discussion skills
Reference Books:
1. Handbook of Practical communication skills – Chrisle W., JAICO
2. Basic Managerial Skills for all – S.J.McGrath – PHI
3. Reading to learn – Sheila Smith & Thomas M. – Methuen(London)
4. Communication Conversation Practice – Tata McGraw Hill
5. Communication in English-R P Bharnagar & RT Bell-Orient Longman
6. Good English – G.H.Vallins – Rups & Co.
7. Let’s Talk English – M.I.Joshi
8. Essentials of Business Communications – Pat & Sons, S.Chand
VEER NARMAD SOUTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY
B.C.A.
Semester - I
Paper – 102 Mathematics – I
Effective From 2009-2010
1. Set Theory
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Representation
1.3 Operations & its properties
1.4 Venn Diagram
1.5 Cartesian Product and Graph
2. Functions
2.1 Definition
2.2 Types – Domain and Range
2.3 Construction and functions
2.4 Even Analysis
2.5 Liner Quadratic & Higher degree Polynomial
3. Mathematical Logic and Boolean Algebra
3.1 Introduction to Logic
3.2 Truth Type
3.3 Definition and examples of Boolean Algebra
3.4 Boolean Functions
3.5 Representation and Minimization of Boolean Function
3.6 Design Example using Boolean Algebra
4. Matrices and Determinants
4.1 Matrices of Order m x n
4.2 Row and Column Transformation
4.3 Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication of Matrices
4.4 Computation of Inverse
4.5 Cramer's Rule
4.6 Business Applications of Matrices.
5. Basics of CO-Ordinates Geometry
5.1 Line Quadrants and Co- Ordinates
5.2 Distance between two points
5.3 Area of Triangle
5.4 Straight Line and General equation of straight Line
Reference Books :
1. Co-ordinate Geometry – Shantinarayan
2. Liner Algebra – Sushoma Verma
3. Advanced Mathematics - B.S. Shah & Co.
4. Schaum’s outline of Boolean algebra and switching circuits-Elliot mendelson
VEER NARMAD SOUTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY
B.C.A.
Semester - I
Paper – 103 Introduction to Computer
Effective From 2009-2010
1. Introduction
1.1 History of Development in Computers
1.2 Types of Computers
1.3 Microcomputers, Notebook computers, Palmtops, PDA
1.4 Hardware & Software
2. Basic Computer Architecture
2.1 Block Diagram & Functional Units
2.2 Various Hardware components: Mother board, Processor, memory, ports,
devices to be connected
2.3 Phases of machine cycle
2.3.1 Fetch Cycle
2.3.2 Execution Cycle
3. Number systems
3.1 Various Numbers systems ( Binary , Octal, Hex)
3.2 Conversion among various number systems
3.3 Binary & Hex arithmetic
3.4 Parity scheme
3.5 Character Codes : EBCDIC, ASCH,UNICODE
4. Memory
4.1 Memory organization
4.2 Addressing modes
4.3 Memory types : RAM, ROM , FLASH, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM
4.4 Concepts of virtual memory , Cache memory
5. Storage devices
5.1 Floppy Disks : structure , reading/ writing , formatting
5.2 Hard disk & Disk architecture
5.3 CD- ROM, DVDROM
5.4 Bake up devices
6 I/D devices
6.1 Printers :Line printer , DOT Matrix , Laser , Inkject
6.2 Pletters Scanners OCK, OMR
6.3 Keyboard , Mouse
6.4 Other devices : Joysticks , Touch pads , pens etc
6.5 Monitors ( CRT, Flat Screen)
Reference Books :
1. How computers work : Ron white - Tech Media
2. Introduction to computers : 4thEdition – Peter Norton
3. Fundamentals of Computers : V Rajaraman
4. Computer Fundamentals :Pradeep K Shinha & Priti Shinha (BPB)
VEER NARMAD SOUTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY
B.C.A.
Semester - I
Paper – 104 Computer Programming and Programming Methodology
Effective From 2009-2010
1. Algorithm & Flowcharting
2. Programming Languages & Structured Programming
2.1 Structured Programming
2.2 Levels of Programming languages
2.3 Concepts of Compiler / Interpreter, Editor
2.4 Problem Analysis
3. Constants & Variables
3.1 Character Set
3.2 Constants – needs & definition
3.3 Variables – needs & definition
4. Expression & Operators
4.1 Operators
4.2 Expression
4.3 Evaluation & Assignment of Expression
5. Input & Output Statements
6. Jumping, Branching & Looping Statements
7. Built – in functions : Mathematical and String Functions.
8. Concepts of Arrays
8.1 One dimensional array
8.2 Sorting using one dimension array.
8.3 Concept of Two dimension array
8.4 Arithmetic Operation two dimension arrays
9. Debugging & Testing
Reference Books :
1. Structured Programming Language – La Budde – McGraw Hill
2. Programming experience in BASIC – Kenetkar – BPB
3. Programming with BASIC – Gottfried – TMH
4. Programming in BASIC – Balaguruswamy – TMH
VEER NARMAD SOUTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY
B.C.A.
Semester - I
Paper – 105 PC Software – I
Effective From 2009-2010
1. Introduction
1.1 Concept of Window, Icon, Menu
1.2 Desktop
1.3 Creating Folder and Shortcuts
1.4 Finding Files and Folders
1.5 Creating Copying, moving and deleting files
1.6 Adding in and deleting from start menu
1.7 Window explorer
1.8 Elementary commands
2. Word Processing Package
2.1 Typing, editing, proofing & reviewing
2.2 Formatting text & paragraphs
2.3 Automatic formatting and styles
2.4 Working with Tables
2.5 Graphics and Frames
2.6 Mail Merge
2.7 Automating your work & printing documents
3. Spreadsheet Package
3.1 Concept of worksheet
3.2 Working & editing in work books
3.3 Creating formats & links
3.4 Protecting and hiding data
3.5 Built-in functions
3.6 Formatting a worksheet and creating graphic objects
3.7 Creating charts (graphs), formatting and analyzing data
3.8 Organizing data in a list (data management)
3.9 Sharing & importing data
3.10 Printing
3.11 Macros
4. Presentation package
4.1 Creating and editing slides
4.2 Creating and editing objects in the slide
4.3 Animatin and slide transition effects
4.4 Creating and running slide show
4.5 Templates
4.6 Interface with other package
5 Internet
5.1 Coucepts
5.2 Working
5.3 Malling & surfing tools
Reference Books
1. Word 6 for Windows Quick & easy Reference-Manslleid –BPB
2. Mastering Word 6 for Windows Manslleid –BPB
3. Mastering Excel 4 for Windows –Townsend-IWB
4. Mastering Excel 4 for Windows –Chester-BPB
5. Excel 5 for Windows Quick and Ease –Jones-Tech
6. Mastering Windows 95-Cowat-BPB
7. Mastering Microsoft Office 97- LMosley D Boddy BPB
8. Internet An Introduction Cisiems –Tata Mac D Boody-BPB
9. Internet 6 in 1 –Joe Krayuak & Harbarken PHI
10. Internet Access Essential –Tittle & M Robbins ,AP Professional
VEER NARMAD SOUTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY
B.C.A.
Semester - I
Paper – 106 Practical
Effective From 2009-2010
Practical Paper 104 and 104

I\c

A BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is an electronic set of instructions that a computer uses to successfully start operating. The BIOS is located on a chip inside of the computer and is designed in a way that protects it from disk failure.
A main function of the BIOS is to give instructions for the power-on self test (POST). This self test ensures that the computer has all of the necessary parts and functionality needed to successfully start itself, such as use of memory, a keyboard and other parts. If errors are detected during the test, the BIOS instructs the computer to give a code that reveals the problem. Error codes are typically a series of beeps heard shortly after startup.

101 communication skills

p.c software assiment

Q-1 Define icon?

ans:-

An icon is a small picture or symbol on a graphical user interface (GUI) that represents a program (or command), file, directory (also called a folder) or device (such as a hard disk or floppy). The term comes from the Greek word eikon, which means likeness, image or portrait.

A GUI is a user interface (i.e., a way of displaying things on a monitor screen) that uses windows, icons and menus and which can be manipulated by a mouse (or other pointing device, such as a trackball) in addition to (at least to some extent) the keyboard. This is in contrast to a command line interface (CLI), which uses text only and is accessed solely by a keyboard.

Icons were first developed in the 1970s at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) as a means of making computers easier for novices to use. Their first large-scale commercial application was on the Macintosh personal computer, which was introduced in 1984. Today virtually every major operating system employs icon-based GUIs.

Q-2 Explan rd and md command

ans:- Rd

The RD command removes a directory on the device, storage card, or the release directory on the remote desktop.

e.g.

c:\ rd xyz

Md

The MD command creates a directory on the device, storage card, or the release directory on the remote desktop.

e.g.

c:\ md xyz

Q-3 Defind my computer.

ans:- A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and manipulates data//information, and provides output in a useful format.

While a computer can, in theory, be made out of almost anything (see misconceptions section), and mechanical examples of computers have existed through much of recorded human history, the first electronic computers were developed in the mid-20th century (1940–1945). Originally, they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs).^[1] Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space.^[2] Simple computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and can be powered by a small battery. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "computers". However, the embedded computersfound in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous.

Q-4 Explain property of taskbar

ans:- The easiest method of accessing the properties of the Taskbar is to right click on the Taskbar and select [Properties] from the context menu. The Taskbar and Start Menu Properties Property Sheet (Fig. UI-71) will open. The focus is on the Taskbar tab. The Property Sheet is divided into two sections that mirror the divisions of the actual Taskbar. The two areas are discussed below.

[Taskbar Appearance] - This area controls the center section of the Taskbar located between the Start Button on the left and the Notification Area on the right. The graphic at the top of this section will change to reflect the options selected or cleared.
[Lock the Taskbar] - The Taskbar can be positioned along the top, bottom, left, or right side of the desktop. Left click in any open area of the Taskbar and drag it to the desired location. Any changes you make to the Taskbar, including toolbars located on the Taskbar are locked and prevented from being moved with this selection.
[Auto-Hide the Taskbar] - Allows the Taskbar to retract to the edge of the screen when it’s not being used. To recall it to view, move the mouse to the edge of the screen where the Taskbar is positioned. Many users are hesitant to use this option but I suggest you give it a try. I personally expand the taskbar to two rows high in everyday use to accommodate more items with less side to side compression. The Auto-Hide feature reclaims this desktop space whenever the focus is on a program.
[Keep the Taskbar On Top of Other Windows] - Contrary to what this item description would indicate, when used in conjunction with the Auto-Hide the Taskbar option discussed previously, it simply ensures that when you move your mouse pointer to the edge of the screen the Taskbar will always become visible. It does not supercede the command to Auto-Hide the Taskbar by making it always visible.
[Group Similar Taskbar Buttons] - This is one of the best new features of XP for anyone who works with multiple open windows. The grouping occurs in two ways. First, it displays files opened by the same program in the same area of the Taskbar. For example, if you opened, in order, the following files: Excel 1, Word 1, Excel 2, and Word 2, normally the files would be displayed across the Taskbar in that same order. With grouping enabled, the order would be Excel 1, Excel 2, Word 1, and Word 2. In addition, if the size of the Taskbar windows falls below a certain width due to the Taskbar being crowded, grouping combines all the similar program files into expandable buttons containing the individual files. Having the files grouped by the parent program also allows you to close the entire group by right clicking the button and selecting [Close] rather than closing each file individually.
[Show Quick Launch] - Way back in 1988 Robert Palmer did a song titled “Simply Irresistible.” That pretty much sums up my feelings about Quick Launch. It resides over on the left side of the Taskbar (although you can drag and position it anywhere you want), is fully customizable and launches programs with a single click. Programs can be added to Quick launch by dragging and dropping. The minimum size for Quick Launch is the width of three icons. Icons over three (six in my case since I use a double height Taskbar) are accessible from a pop up listing by clicking on the [>>] symbol.
[Notification Area] - This area controls the far right section of the Taskbar adjacent to the edge of the screen where the clock is located if you have it activated. The graphic at the top of this section will change to reflect the options selected or cleared.
[Show the Clock] - Check the box, you have a clock. No check, no clock. Simple.
[Hide Inactive Icons] - The Notification Area has always been one of my pet peeves. Programs have a tendency to stick icons here on a regular basis. This is fine if they provide a simple way of turning them off, the most common method being via right click and context menu selection for disabling. Some icons in this area are truly useful. The bad part was the way they string across the taskbar with each new addition. The Hide Inactive Icons name only tells part of the story. While it is true that it will hide the inactive icons, it goes well beyond that function by selecting the [Customize...] button. The [Customize Notifications] (Fig. UI-72) dialogue box will open.

[Customize Notifications] - This dialogue box displays a list of Current Items and Past Items that have appeared in the Notification Area. Click on any item in either section and a drop down box will appear with three options.
[Hide When Inactive] - The default choice. Useful for items that you want to become visible when they have information to report.
[Always Hide] - A good choice for items you want to run in the background but don’t want a notification until you make the choice to expand the Notification Area.
[Always Show] - Useful for items which you want to monitor for both activity and inactivity so they are always available at a glance.

With the modifications that are possible to the Taskbar in Windows XP I’ve pretty much eliminated any need for the Start Menu on a regular basis. By carefully constructing the Taskbar, adding the programs that are most relevant to my work in the Quick Launch area and utilizing the Notification Area and Auto-Hide functions wisely, I’m able to increase available screen real estate and maintain access to essential programs and monitoring functions.

Q-5 How to change desktop background

ans:-

1. Step1

   Click on the Start menu button. Then click on Settings and then on Control Panel.

2. Step2

   Double-click on the Display icon or text link. This will open a window named Display Properties.

3. Step3

   Click on Background if that tab is not selected. Click on one of the items that appear in the box labeled Wallpaper.

4. Step4

   Inspect the preview that appears above the Wallpaper menubox. Use the Display menu to the right to experiment with tiling, stretching or centering the picture that you are previewing.

5. Step5

   Click on Browse to use an image stored elsewhere on your hard drive. Locate the image and click Open.

6. Step6

   Click OK to change your background, or wallpaper. Click Cancel if you decide to maintain your current settings.

   
   

   Q-6 short not desktop

   ans:- A desktop computer is a personal computer (PC) in a form intended for regular use at a single location, as opposed to a mobile laptop orportable computer. Prior to the widespread use of microprocessors, a computer that could fit on a desk was considered remarkably small. Desktop computers come in a variety of types ranging from large vertical tower cases to small form factor models that can be tucked behind anLCD monitor. "Desktop" can also indicate a horizontally-oriented computer case usually intended to have the display screen placed on top to save space on the desktop. Most modern desktop computers have separate screens and keyboards. Tower cases are desktop cases in the earlier sense, though not in the latter. Cases intended for home theater PC systems are usually considered to be desktop cases in both senses, regardless of orientation and placement.

   
   

   History

   
   
   

   Early computers took the space of a room. Minicomputers generally fit into one or a few refrigerator sized racks. It was not until the 1970s when computers such as the HP 9800 series desktop computers were fully programmable computers that fit entirely on top of a desk. The first large calculators were introduced in 1971, leading to a model programmable in BASIC in 1972. They used a smaller version of a minicomputer design based on ROM memory and had small one-line LED alphanumeric displays. They could draw computer graphics with a plotter. The Wang 2200 of 1973 had a full-size CRT and cassette tape storage. The IBM 5100 in 1975 had a small CRT display and could be programmed in BASIC and APL. These were generally expensive specialized computers sold for business or scientific uses. By the late 1970s and 1980s personal computers such as the Apple II series and the IBM Personal Computer used standard processors to reduce cost to put a complete computer on top of a desk with a separate monitor. These would find uses in the home as well as in business and industry, and later incorporate graphic user interfaces and powerful networked operating systems such as Mac (Macintosh) and Windows
   .

   Q-7 How to arrange icon on a desktop

   ans:-

   Arrange your desktop icons

   The simplest way to rearrange the icons on your desktop is to simply drag and drop them. You can drag an icon to any location on your desktop.

   

   However, dragging and dropping your icons can lead to icons not aligning in even columns and rows. If you’d rather have neat columns and rows of icons, you can have Windows automatically arrange them for you. Simply right-click your desktop, click Arrange Icons By, and then click Align to Grid. Windows XP does not immediately move your icons. However, the next time you drag an icon, Windows XP will automatically place it into an orderly row.

   

   To automatically arrange your icons into rows without changing their order, right-click your desktop, click Arrange Icons By, and then click Auto Arrange. Windows XP places your icons into neat rows.

   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   Q-8 How to create folder on desktop

   ans:-

   First Method

   1. Right click on an open area of your desktop, or in an open area of Windows Explorer.
   2. Then left click New
   3. Then left click Folder.
      
      
      
      Once your folder appears either on your desktop or in Windows Explorer you will notice that the folder name is highlighted. This is giving you the opportunity to name your folder. It is always best to give your folder a very memorable name that accurately describes its contents.
      
      
      
      
   4. Type in the name you want to give to your newly created folder, and then hit Enter to complete the process.

   Second Method

   This method is for use in Windows Explorer only.

   1. Open up Windows Explorer ((Hold down the Windows Key and press E) or left click Start/Programs/Accessories/Windows Explorer)
   2. Navigate to the place you where you want your new folder to be created.
   3. Then from the top toolbar click File
   4. Then left click New
   5. Then left click Folder
      
      
      
      Once your folder appears either on your desktop or in Windows Explorer you will notice that the folder name is highlighted. This is giving you the opportunity to name your folder. It is always best to give your folder a very memorable name that accurately describes its contents.
      
      
      
      
   6. Type in the name you want to give to your newly created folder, and then hit Enter to complete the process.

   Third Method

   This method can only be used by Windows XP, and Windows 2003 users.

   1. Open My Computer ((Left click Start/My Computer) or double click the My Computer icon on your desktop)
   2. Navigate to the place you where you want your new folder to be created.
   3. Then left click Make a new folder from the File and Folder Tasks menu in your Common Tasks toolbar.
      
      
      
      Once your folder appears either on your desktop or in Windows Explorer you will notice that the folder name is highlighted. This is giving you the opportunity to name your folder. It is always best to give your folder a very memorable name that accurately describes its contents.
      
      
      
      
   4. Type in the name you want to give to your newly created folder, and then hit Enter to complete the process.
   
   
   Q-9 what is computer explorer
   ans:-
   A section of Microsoft Windows that was introduced with the release of Microsoft Windows 95 and included with all versions of Windows after that. My Computer allows the user to explore the contents of their computer drives as well as manage their computer files. To the right, the top image is an example of the My Computer icon in Microsoft Windows XP. With the introduction of Windows Vista, Microsoft changed the traditional My Computer icon to Computer, the bottom image to the right is an example of what this icon looks like. Although the name has changed this icon still acts identical to the earlier My Computer.

   How to open My computer

   1. Get to the Windows Desktop.
   2. Double-click the My Computer icon, this icon is almost always located on the top-left portion of the desktop and should look similar to the icon above. Below are two examples of what should appear when My Computer is open. If this icon is missing see document CH000927.

   
   Drive listing in My Computer

   
   Browsing My Computer in Windows 2000

   Using My Computer

   Once My Computer is open you'll see all available drives on your computer. For most users you'll only be concerned with the Local Disc (C:) drive. This is your hard disk drive and what all your files are stored on. Double-click this drive icon to open it and view of its contents.

   If you're looking for a document such as a word processor file you've created, music file, picture, or other personal file it's likely that it's contained in your documents folder. This folder is displayed in My computer as a folder and usually contains your name. For example, if your username was John, this folder would be named John's Documents.

   Finding files in My Computer

   If you're having trouble finding where one of your files is stored use the Windows find feature to quickly find the file. To do this from within My Computer either click on File and then Search or right-click on the C: drive or other folder you wish to search and click Search.

   In the Search window type the name or part of the name of the file you're looking for.

   Adjust system settings with your computer

   If you wish to manage your computer and/or view other settings and information about your computer instead of double-clicking the My Computer icon to open it, right-click on the My Computer icon and click Properties. Performing these steps will open your System Properties (the same window accessible through the Control Panel).

   
   

   
   

   Q-10 what is print manager?

   ans:-

   Print management can have many definitions. It can be best described as controlling, maintaining and monitoring a printing environment and its productivity levels. Generally, an administrator who engages in print management can manage all the printers on his network. He is provided with real-time status updates on printers and the network on which they operate. In essence, he can manage numerous printers and their environments from one computer. If the administrator were not engaging in printer management activities, he may have to tend to each computer individually.

   
   

   Printing management is meant to provide companies and organizations with the tools to make the most of their resources. Space, hardware, software and time — as with deadlines — are all considered when attempting to streamline printing operations. Business owners may choose to outsource their printing management activities and heed the advice of professionals who supply printing management services. For example, a third-party printing management service may assess a company's printing processes and offer suggestions like hardware and software upgrades, the relocation of equipment or the addition of an employee to increase productivity.

   Reports provided by basic print management activities can aid an administrator in keeping on top of what is happening in his printing environment. If an administrator identifies activities that he thinks may contribute to a problem later on, he may take steps to change those behaviors in the printing environment. For instance, an administrator who notices paper being wasted may impose printing limits or require that users utilize options that allow for double-sided printing.

   Print management can also help an administrator in their troubleshooting efforts. Notifications and scripts can be remotely sent through the system to address problems. These problems may range in scope from simple toner and paper changes to system failures. Since small issues are caught before they turn into bigger ones, the need for major technical support can be reduced.

   Besides streamlining operations, printing management can help in saving money and increasing productivity for a company or organization. For example, beneficial print management activities include those that reduce waste and minimize the amount of repairs required to keep a printing environment operational. To truly experience the benefits of print management, changes will have to be made according to a business's specific needs.