i/c(Power-on self-test)

Power-on self-test

Power-on self-test (POST) is the common term for a computer, router or printer's pre-boot sequence. The same basic sequence is present on all computer architectures. It is the first step of the more general process called initial program load (IPL), booting, or bootstrapping. The term POST has become popular in association with and as a result of the proliferation of the PC. It can be used as a noun when referring to the code that controls the pre-boot phase or when referring to the phase itself. It can also be used as a verb when referring to the code or the system as it progresses through the pre-boot phase. Alternatively, this may be called "POSTing."

For embedded systems power-on self-test (POST) refers to the testing sequence that occurs when a system is first powered on. POST is software written to initialize and configure a processor and then execute a defined series of tests to determine if the computer hardware is working properly. Any errors found during the self-test are stored or reported through auditory or visual means, for example through a series of beeps, flashing LEDs or text displayed on a display. Once the POST sequence completes, execution is handed over to the normal boot sequence which typically runs a boot loader or operating system. POST for embedded systems has been around since the earliest

i/c

Instruction cycle

Each computer's CPU can have different cycles based on different instruction sets, but will be similar to the following cycle:

1. Fetch the instruction

The CPU presents, on the address bus, the value stored in the Program Counter. This is the memory address of the next instruction that is to be executed. The CPU then fetches the instruction from main memory via the data bus, and it is then placed into the CIR. The Program Counter is incremented to contain the address the next instruction.

2. Decode the instruction

The instruction decoder interprets the instruction. If the instruction has an indirect address, the effective address is read from main memory, and any required data is fetched from main memory to be processed and then placed into data registers.

3. Execute the instruction

The CU passes the decoded information as a sequence of control signals to the relevant function units of the CPU to perform the actions required by the instruction such as reading values from registers, passing them to the ALU to perform mathematical or logic functions on them, and writing the result back to a register. If the ALU is involved, it sends a condition signal back to the CU.

4. Store results

The result generated by the operation is stored in the main memory, or sent to an output device. Based on the condition of any feedback from the ALU, Program Counter may be updated to a different address from which the next instruction will be fetched.

The cycle is then repeated.

Fetch cycle

Steps 1 and 2 of the Instruction Cycle are called the Fetch Cycle. These steps are the same for each instruction. The fetch cycle processes the instruction from the instruction word which contains an opcode and an operand.

Execute cycle

Steps 3 and 4 of the Instruction Cycle are part of the Execute Cycle. These steps will change with each instruction.

The first step of the execute cycle is the Process-Memory. Data is transferred between the CPU and the I/O module. Next is the Data-Processing uses mathematical operations as well as logical operations in reference to data. Central alterations is the next step, is a sequence of operations, for example a jump operation. The last step is a combined operation from all the other steps.

Initiating the cycle

The cycle starts immediately when power is applied to the system using an initial PC value that is is predefined for the system architecture (in Intel IA-32 CPUs, for instance, the predefined PC value is 0xfffffff0). Typically this address points to instructions in a read-only memory (ROM) which begin the process of loading the operating system. (That loading process is called booting.)^[1]

The Fetch-Execute cycle in Transfer Notation

Expressed in register transfer notation:

(Increment the PC for next cycle)

The registers used above, besides the ones described earlier, are the Memory Address Register (MAR) and the Memory Data Register (MDR), which are used (at least conceptually) in the accessing of memory.

References

1. ^ Bosky Agarwal (2004). "Instruction

i/c(all bus) ......

All computers use three types of basic buses. The name of the bus is generally determined by the type of signal it is carrying or the method of operation. We group the buses into three areas as you see them in their most common uses. They are as follows:
Control (also called timing and control bus) bus,
Address bus, and
data (also called a memory bus) bus.
Instruction (I), Operand (O), Input/Output Memory (I/O MEM) or Input/Output Controller (IOC), and Computer Interconnection System (CIS) Time multiplexed bus
Control Bus
The control bus is used by the CPU to direct and monitor the actions of the other functional areas of the computer. It is used to transmit a variety of individual signals (read, write, interrupt, acknowledge, and so forth) necessary to control and coordinate the operations of the computer. The individual signals transmitted over the control bus and their functions are covered in the appropriate functional area description.
Address Bus
The address bus consists of all the signals necessary to define any of the possible memory address locations within the computer, or for modular memories any of the possible memory address locations within a module. An address is defined as a label, symbol, or other set of characters used to designate a location or register where information is stored. Before data or instructions can be written into or read from memory by the CPU or I/O sections, an address must be transmitted to memory over the address bus.
Data Bus
The bidirectional data bus, sometimes called the memory bus, handles the transfer of all data and instructions between functional areas of the computer. The bidirectional data bus can only transmit in one direction at a time. The data bus is used to transfer instructions from memory to the CPU for execution. It carries data (operands) to and from the CPU and memory as required by instruction translation. The data bus is also used to transfer data between memory and the I/O section during input/output operations. The information on the data bus is either written into.

o/s (i/c)

operating system (OS)

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Definition

Master control program (such as DOS, Linux, MacOS, Solaris, Unix, and Windows) that automatically runs first when a computer is switched on, and remains in the background until the computer is turned off. It commonly comes preinstalled (on the boot section of the computer's main hard disk) and is usually the most complex and largest program to be used by the computer. A computer user is typically more affected by the capabilities and whims of the OS than by those of the hardware. Main services provided by an OS include (1) user-interface, (2) carrying out commands of the user and the application programs, (3) supervising installation and running of other programs and hardware, (4) controlling the input-output functions, (5) allocating system resources such as memory, processor time, disk space, and peripheral devices to regulate the flow of work within the computer, (6) handling file and directory management, and (7) providing file-sharing and networking functions.

sylabus

VEER NARMAD SOUTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY
B.C.A.
Semester – I
Teaching and Evaluation Scheme
Effective From 2009-2010
Paper
No
Paper Title Teaching
Schedule
Uni.Exam
Theory/Practical
Internal
Examination
Theory/Practical
Total
Theory/Prac
Lect/Prac
(In Hour)
Duration
(Hours)
Marks Duration
(Hours)
Marks
101 Communication
Skills 4.5 3 70 2 30 100
102 Mathematics -1 4.5 3 70 2 30 100
103 Introduction
Computers 4.5 3 70 2 30 100
104
Computer
Programming and
Programming
Methodology
4.5 3 70 2 30 100
105 PC Software-1 4.5 3 70 2 30 100
106 Practical (Based on
104 and 105 9 5 140 3 60 200
Total 31.5 490 210 700
VEER NARMAD SOUTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY
B.C.A.
Semester - I
Paper – 101 Communication Skills
Effective From 2009-2010
1. Introduction
1.1 Spoken and Conversation fir Greetings, Requests, Invitation, Permission, Thanks,
etc.
1.2 Basic sentence Patterns
1.3 Agreement between Subject and Verb
1.4 Basic rule of Composition
1.5 Paragraph Development
1.6 Vocabulary Development
1.7 Model Auxiliary
1.8 Active and Passive Voice
1.9 Conjunction and Preposition
2. Reading Skills
2.1 Model of Reading to learn –P.S.OR.
2.2 Reading Tactics and Strategies
2.3 Reading Purposes and Meaning
2.4 Reading outcomes structure of meaning techniques
3. Writing Skills
3.1 Guidelines for effective writing
3.2 Writing style for application
3.3 Personal Resume
3.4 Business Letter and Memo including Requests, Complains asking quotation etc.
3.5 Technical Report Writing
3.6 Writing paragraphs on a given topic
3.7 Developing story from given points
4. Listening Skills
4.1 Barriers to listening
4.2 Effective listing skills
4.3 Feedback skills
4.4 Attending Telephone calls
4.5 Note taking
5. Speaking and Discussion Skills
5.1 Components of Effective talk / Presentation
5.2 Planning of content of a talk / Presentation
5.3 Use of Visual aids
5.4 Effective speaking skills
5.5 Discussion skills
Reference Books:
1. Handbook of Practical communication skills – Chrisle W., JAICO
2. Basic Managerial Skills for all – S.J.McGrath – PHI
3. Reading to learn – Sheila Smith & Thomas M. – Methuen(London)
4. Communication Conversation Practice – Tata McGraw Hill
5. Communication in English-R P Bharnagar & RT Bell-Orient Longman
6. Good English – G.H.Vallins – Rups & Co.
7. Let’s Talk English – M.I.Joshi
8. Essentials of Business Communications – Pat & Sons, S.Chand
VEER NARMAD SOUTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY
B.C.A.
Semester - I
Paper – 102 Mathematics – I
Effective From 2009-2010
1. Set Theory
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Representation
1.3 Operations & its properties
1.4 Venn Diagram
1.5 Cartesian Product and Graph
2. Functions
2.1 Definition
2.2 Types – Domain and Range
2.3 Construction and functions
2.4 Even Analysis
2.5 Liner Quadratic & Higher degree Polynomial
3. Mathematical Logic and Boolean Algebra
3.1 Introduction to Logic
3.2 Truth Type
3.3 Definition and examples of Boolean Algebra
3.4 Boolean Functions
3.5 Representation and Minimization of Boolean Function
3.6 Design Example using Boolean Algebra
4. Matrices and Determinants
4.1 Matrices of Order m x n
4.2 Row and Column Transformation
4.3 Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication of Matrices
4.4 Computation of Inverse
4.5 Cramer's Rule
4.6 Business Applications of Matrices.
5. Basics of CO-Ordinates Geometry
5.1 Line Quadrants and Co- Ordinates
5.2 Distance between two points
5.3 Area of Triangle
5.4 Straight Line and General equation of straight Line
Reference Books :
1. Co-ordinate Geometry – Shantinarayan
2. Liner Algebra – Sushoma Verma
3. Advanced Mathematics - B.S. Shah & Co.
4. Schaum’s outline of Boolean algebra and switching circuits-Elliot mendelson
VEER NARMAD SOUTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY
B.C.A.
Semester - I
Paper – 103 Introduction to Computer
Effective From 2009-2010
1. Introduction
1.1 History of Development in Computers
1.2 Types of Computers
1.3 Microcomputers, Notebook computers, Palmtops, PDA
1.4 Hardware & Software
2. Basic Computer Architecture
2.1 Block Diagram & Functional Units
2.2 Various Hardware components: Mother board, Processor, memory, ports,
devices to be connected
2.3 Phases of machine cycle
2.3.1 Fetch Cycle
2.3.2 Execution Cycle
3. Number systems
3.1 Various Numbers systems ( Binary , Octal, Hex)
3.2 Conversion among various number systems
3.3 Binary & Hex arithmetic
3.4 Parity scheme
3.5 Character Codes : EBCDIC, ASCH,UNICODE
4. Memory
4.1 Memory organization
4.2 Addressing modes
4.3 Memory types : RAM, ROM , FLASH, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM
4.4 Concepts of virtual memory , Cache memory
5. Storage devices
5.1 Floppy Disks : structure , reading/ writing , formatting
5.2 Hard disk & Disk architecture
5.3 CD- ROM, DVDROM
5.4 Bake up devices
6 I/D devices
6.1 Printers :Line printer , DOT Matrix , Laser , Inkject
6.2 Pletters Scanners OCK, OMR
6.3 Keyboard , Mouse
6.4 Other devices : Joysticks , Touch pads , pens etc
6.5 Monitors ( CRT, Flat Screen)
Reference Books :
1. How computers work : Ron white - Tech Media
2. Introduction to computers : 4thEdition – Peter Norton
3. Fundamentals of Computers : V Rajaraman
4. Computer Fundamentals :Pradeep K Shinha & Priti Shinha (BPB)
VEER NARMAD SOUTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY
B.C.A.
Semester - I
Paper – 104 Computer Programming and Programming Methodology
Effective From 2009-2010
1. Algorithm & Flowcharting
2. Programming Languages & Structured Programming
2.1 Structured Programming
2.2 Levels of Programming languages
2.3 Concepts of Compiler / Interpreter, Editor
2.4 Problem Analysis
3. Constants & Variables
3.1 Character Set
3.2 Constants – needs & definition
3.3 Variables – needs & definition
4. Expression & Operators
4.1 Operators
4.2 Expression
4.3 Evaluation & Assignment of Expression
5. Input & Output Statements
6. Jumping, Branching & Looping Statements
7. Built – in functions : Mathematical and String Functions.
8. Concepts of Arrays
8.1 One dimensional array
8.2 Sorting using one dimension array.
8.3 Concept of Two dimension array
8.4 Arithmetic Operation two dimension arrays
9. Debugging & Testing
Reference Books :
1. Structured Programming Language – La Budde – McGraw Hill
2. Programming experience in BASIC – Kenetkar – BPB
3. Programming with BASIC – Gottfried – TMH
4. Programming in BASIC – Balaguruswamy – TMH
VEER NARMAD SOUTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY
B.C.A.
Semester - I
Paper – 105 PC Software – I
Effective From 2009-2010
1. Introduction
1.1 Concept of Window, Icon, Menu
1.2 Desktop
1.3 Creating Folder and Shortcuts
1.4 Finding Files and Folders
1.5 Creating Copying, moving and deleting files
1.6 Adding in and deleting from start menu
1.7 Window explorer
1.8 Elementary commands
2. Word Processing Package
2.1 Typing, editing, proofing & reviewing
2.2 Formatting text & paragraphs
2.3 Automatic formatting and styles
2.4 Working with Tables
2.5 Graphics and Frames
2.6 Mail Merge
2.7 Automating your work & printing documents
3. Spreadsheet Package
3.1 Concept of worksheet
3.2 Working & editing in work books
3.3 Creating formats & links
3.4 Protecting and hiding data
3.5 Built-in functions
3.6 Formatting a worksheet and creating graphic objects
3.7 Creating charts (graphs), formatting and analyzing data
3.8 Organizing data in a list (data management)
3.9 Sharing & importing data
3.10 Printing
3.11 Macros
4. Presentation package
4.1 Creating and editing slides
4.2 Creating and editing objects in the slide
4.3 Animatin and slide transition effects
4.4 Creating and running slide show
4.5 Templates
4.6 Interface with other package
5 Internet
5.1 Coucepts
5.2 Working
5.3 Malling & surfing tools
Reference Books
1. Word 6 for Windows Quick & easy Reference-Manslleid –BPB
2. Mastering Word 6 for Windows Manslleid –BPB
3. Mastering Excel 4 for Windows –Townsend-IWB
4. Mastering Excel 4 for Windows –Chester-BPB
5. Excel 5 for Windows Quick and Ease –Jones-Tech
6. Mastering Windows 95-Cowat-BPB
7. Mastering Microsoft Office 97- LMosley D Boddy BPB
8. Internet An Introduction Cisiems –Tata Mac D Boody-BPB
9. Internet 6 in 1 –Joe Krayuak & Harbarken PHI
10. Internet Access Essential –Tittle & M Robbins ,AP Professional
VEER NARMAD SOUTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY
B.C.A.
Semester - I
Paper – 106 Practical
Effective From 2009-2010
Practical Paper 104 and 104

I\c

A BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is an electronic set of instructions that a computer uses to successfully start operating. The BIOS is located on a chip inside of the computer and is designed in a way that protects it from disk failure.
A main function of the BIOS is to give instructions for the power-on self test (POST). This self test ensures that the computer has all of the necessary parts and functionality needed to successfully start itself, such as use of memory, a keyboard and other parts. If errors are detected during the test, the BIOS instructs the computer to give a code that reveals the problem. Error codes are typically a series of beeps heard shortly after startup.

101 communication skills